Fasting and Reduced Calorie Diet
Description:
References:
see also [Ref.1.132]
1. Fasting therapy for treating and preventing disease - current state of evidence.
Nobel prise:
https://www.dietdoctor.com/renew-body-fasting-autophagy
https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2016/press.html
2. Adult-onset calorie restriction and fasting delay spontaneous tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice.
3. Effects of fasting and intermittent fasting on rat hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine.
4. The Okinawan diet: health implications of a low-calorie, nutrient-dense, antioxidant-rich dietary pattern low in
glycemic load.
5. Caloric restriction, caloric restriction mimetics, and healthy aging in Okinawa: controversies and clinical implications.
6. Longevity and diet in Okinawa, Japan: the past, present and future.
7. Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species and incidence of age-associated lymphoma in OF1 mice: effect of
alternate-day fasting.
8. Effect of intermittent fasting with or without caloric restriction on prostate cancer growth and survival in SCID mice.
Effect of intermittent fasting on prostate cancer tumor growth in a mouse model.
Note: no positive effect
9. Caloric Restriction (LEF)
maximum of 50% below normal calories (under nutrition without malnutrition)
"study on monkeys - 30% CR, delays in mortality, and in the onset of age-associated diseases (particularly diabetes,
cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological impairment;) ... The CR monkeys appeared to be biologically younger
than their normal-fed counterparts, and not surprisingly, had lower body and fat mass. Sarcopenia (age-related muscle
loss) was attenuated in the CR group. CR monkeys were also free of diabetes (compared to 5/38 of control animals) or
glucose intolerance (compared to 11/38 of control animals). Incidence of cardiovascular disease, all cancers, and
adenocarcinoma of the GI tract (the most common cancer in rhesus monkeys11) was reduced by half in the CR group.
Calorie restriction resulted in preservation of brain volume in the caudate, putamen and insula, areas that are classically
involved in regulation of motor and executive function. The effects of CR on maximum lifespan have yet to be
determined for this colony, as animals in both groups are still living.
... human aging studies must rely on surrogate measures (biomarkers) of aging. Reduced body temperature and lowered
fasting insulin levels are robust markers of CR and slowed aging in rodents and rhesus monkeys.
... moderate CR (22-30% decreases in caloric intake from normal levels) improves heart function, reduces markers of
inflammation ... risk factors for cardiovascular disease ... diabetes risk ... circulating insulin-like growth factor - 1 (IGF-1),
and cyclooxygenase II (COX-2) ... decreased risk of certain cancers... breast, prostate, and colon cancers. COX-2, in
addition to its role in inflammation, can promote the growth and spread of tumors.
... 50-60 year old non-obese overweight (average BMI 27) volunteers after 1 year of either CR (3 months of 16% CR
followed by 9 months of 20% CR) or exercise training of equivalent energy expenditure (ie. expending 20% of daily
caloric intake). CR improved cardiovascular parameters (left ventricular diastolic function, diastolic and systolic blood
pressure), lowered C-reactive protein and insulin resistance, and lowered circulating thyroid hormone T348 and fasting
plasma insulin.
CR in this second, older volunteer population was not without some negative consequences: Compared to the
exercise-only group, CR demonstrated decreases in muscle mass, strength, and aerobic capacity. The CR group also
demonstrated significantly more loss of bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine, hip, and femur (interochanter) than
either the exercise-only or control groups, which was observable by month 3 of the study.
... CR diet composition (high glycemic vs. low glycemic load) ... no significant difference in weight loss or energy
expenditure between the high glycemic (HG; 60% of calories from carbohydrates) and low glycemic (LG; 40% of calories
from carbohydrates) groups, but the LG group lost significantly more fat mass, and retained more fat-free mass. The LG
group also demonstrated greater declines in CRP during the first 6 months of the CR protocol. While these data indicate
that the overall reduction in energy intake, and not diet composition, may be a more important determinant of weight loss
and its associated CR health benefits, it does suggest additional benefits of LG diets. By their very nature, LG diets can
limit postprandial (“post-meal”) elevations in blood glucose; aiding in the maintenance of the target 2-hour postmeal level
of <140 mg/dL, which the International Diabetes Federation suggests may lower the risk of several diseases, including
cancer, cognitive impairment, cardiovascular disease, and retinopathy.
Practicing Caloric Restriction with Optimum Nutrition (CRON)
Extremely low caloric intakes (only 550 kcal/day) have been used for very short durations (6 weeks) with dramatic
results in obese individuals, insulin sensitivity increased by 35%; CRP decreased by half, and liver triglycerides decreased
by 60%. However, maintenance of extreme CR for longer periods of time, for instance 45% CR for 6 months has resulted
in several negative side effects including anemia, muscle wasting, neurologic deficits, edema. Although the
comprehensive CALERIE studies were designed for CR of 16-25% and have demonstrated short-term success; when
compliance is considered, the actual degree of CR in the groups may have been closer to 11.5%
The frequency of meals is not important for CR, at least in animal models....
Even short (21-48 day) periods of fasting or caloric/dietary restriction (such as religious fasts) can have favorable effects
on blood lipids, insulin sensitivity, and biomarkers of oxidative stress.
... the potentially significant reduction in caloric intake necessitates the consumption of nutrient-dense foods, and the
avoidance of “empty” calories from foods such as white flour and refined sugar. It is also imperative that the intake of
essential micronutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids and essential amino acids, are carefully
monitored, and added back to the diet if necessary. Even a carefully chosen CR diet may not be nutritionally
complete; in studies of 4 popular, published diet plans that limited calories to 1100-1700 per day including the NIH and
American Heart Association-recommended “DASH diet”, all were found to be on average only 43.5% sufficient in
RDIs for 27 essential micronutrients values, and deficient in 15 of them. While hunger cannot realistically
be eliminated during a dedicated CR diet, there are dietary strategies to reduce hunger such as sufficient fiber
consumption (increasing fiber intake to 35 grams/day had a significant effect on satiation and adherence to the CR
protocol in the CALERIE study) and consumption of “fast” proteins, like whey, that are rapidly absorbed and
quickly signal satiety.
Caloric Restriction Mimetics
Tetrahydrocurcumin (a curcumin metabolite) and green tea polyphenols
ginkgo biloba
rapamycin and aspirin
resveratrol
pterostilbene, a methylated analogue of resveratrol from blueberries
fisetin, quercetin, proanthocyanidins, and theaflavins
metformin
fish oil
leucine, isoleucine, and valine
pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)
LEF : Age related Cognitive decline
"Caloric restriction also boosts levels of several neurotrophic factors, including BDNF, and thus creates an ideal
environment for plastic adaptation of the brain in response to mental stimulation."
10. Changes in anthropometric measurements, body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile, and testosterone in patients
participating in a low-energy dietary intervention
see also [Ref.1.132]
1. Fasting therapy for treating and preventing disease - current state of evidence.
Nobel prise:
https://www.dietdoctor.com/renew-body-fasting-autophagy
https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2016/press.html
2. Adult-onset calorie restriction and fasting delay spontaneous tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice.
3. Effects of fasting and intermittent fasting on rat hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine.
4. The Okinawan diet: health implications of a low-calorie, nutrient-dense, antioxidant-rich dietary pattern low in
glycemic load.
5. Caloric restriction, caloric restriction mimetics, and healthy aging in Okinawa: controversies and clinical implications.
6. Longevity and diet in Okinawa, Japan: the past, present and future.
7. Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species and incidence of age-associated lymphoma in OF1 mice: effect of
alternate-day fasting.
8. Effect of intermittent fasting with or without caloric restriction on prostate cancer growth and survival in SCID mice.
Effect of intermittent fasting on prostate cancer tumor growth in a mouse model.
Note: no positive effect
9. Caloric Restriction (LEF)
maximum of 50% below normal calories (under nutrition without malnutrition)
"study on monkeys - 30% CR, delays in mortality, and in the onset of age-associated diseases (particularly diabetes,
cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological impairment;) ... The CR monkeys appeared to be biologically younger
than their normal-fed counterparts, and not surprisingly, had lower body and fat mass. Sarcopenia (age-related muscle
loss) was attenuated in the CR group. CR monkeys were also free of diabetes (compared to 5/38 of control animals) or
glucose intolerance (compared to 11/38 of control animals). Incidence of cardiovascular disease, all cancers, and
adenocarcinoma of the GI tract (the most common cancer in rhesus monkeys11) was reduced by half in the CR group.
Calorie restriction resulted in preservation of brain volume in the caudate, putamen and insula, areas that are classically
involved in regulation of motor and executive function. The effects of CR on maximum lifespan have yet to be
determined for this colony, as animals in both groups are still living.
... human aging studies must rely on surrogate measures (biomarkers) of aging. Reduced body temperature and lowered
fasting insulin levels are robust markers of CR and slowed aging in rodents and rhesus monkeys.
... moderate CR (22-30% decreases in caloric intake from normal levels) improves heart function, reduces markers of
inflammation ... risk factors for cardiovascular disease ... diabetes risk ... circulating insulin-like growth factor - 1 (IGF-1),
and cyclooxygenase II (COX-2) ... decreased risk of certain cancers... breast, prostate, and colon cancers. COX-2, in
addition to its role in inflammation, can promote the growth and spread of tumors.
... 50-60 year old non-obese overweight (average BMI 27) volunteers after 1 year of either CR (3 months of 16% CR
followed by 9 months of 20% CR) or exercise training of equivalent energy expenditure (ie. expending 20% of daily
caloric intake). CR improved cardiovascular parameters (left ventricular diastolic function, diastolic and systolic blood
pressure), lowered C-reactive protein and insulin resistance, and lowered circulating thyroid hormone T348 and fasting
plasma insulin.
CR in this second, older volunteer population was not without some negative consequences: Compared to the
exercise-only group, CR demonstrated decreases in muscle mass, strength, and aerobic capacity. The CR group also
demonstrated significantly more loss of bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine, hip, and femur (interochanter) than
either the exercise-only or control groups, which was observable by month 3 of the study.
... CR diet composition (high glycemic vs. low glycemic load) ... no significant difference in weight loss or energy
expenditure between the high glycemic (HG; 60% of calories from carbohydrates) and low glycemic (LG; 40% of calories
from carbohydrates) groups, but the LG group lost significantly more fat mass, and retained more fat-free mass. The LG
group also demonstrated greater declines in CRP during the first 6 months of the CR protocol. While these data indicate
that the overall reduction in energy intake, and not diet composition, may be a more important determinant of weight loss
and its associated CR health benefits, it does suggest additional benefits of LG diets. By their very nature, LG diets can
limit postprandial (“post-meal”) elevations in blood glucose; aiding in the maintenance of the target 2-hour postmeal level
of <140 mg/dL, which the International Diabetes Federation suggests may lower the risk of several diseases, including
cancer, cognitive impairment, cardiovascular disease, and retinopathy.
Practicing Caloric Restriction with Optimum Nutrition (CRON)
Extremely low caloric intakes (only 550 kcal/day) have been used for very short durations (6 weeks) with dramatic
results in obese individuals, insulin sensitivity increased by 35%; CRP decreased by half, and liver triglycerides decreased
by 60%. However, maintenance of extreme CR for longer periods of time, for instance 45% CR for 6 months has resulted
in several negative side effects including anemia, muscle wasting, neurologic deficits, edema. Although the
comprehensive CALERIE studies were designed for CR of 16-25% and have demonstrated short-term success; when
compliance is considered, the actual degree of CR in the groups may have been closer to 11.5%
The frequency of meals is not important for CR, at least in animal models....
Even short (21-48 day) periods of fasting or caloric/dietary restriction (such as religious fasts) can have favorable effects
on blood lipids, insulin sensitivity, and biomarkers of oxidative stress.
... the potentially significant reduction in caloric intake necessitates the consumption of nutrient-dense foods, and the
avoidance of “empty” calories from foods such as white flour and refined sugar. It is also imperative that the intake of
essential micronutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids and essential amino acids, are carefully
monitored, and added back to the diet if necessary. Even a carefully chosen CR diet may not be nutritionally
complete; in studies of 4 popular, published diet plans that limited calories to 1100-1700 per day including the NIH and
American Heart Association-recommended “DASH diet”, all were found to be on average only 43.5% sufficient in
RDIs for 27 essential micronutrients values, and deficient in 15 of them. While hunger cannot realistically
be eliminated during a dedicated CR diet, there are dietary strategies to reduce hunger such as sufficient fiber
consumption (increasing fiber intake to 35 grams/day had a significant effect on satiation and adherence to the CR
protocol in the CALERIE study) and consumption of “fast” proteins, like whey, that are rapidly absorbed and
quickly signal satiety.
Caloric Restriction Mimetics
Tetrahydrocurcumin (a curcumin metabolite) and green tea polyphenols
ginkgo biloba
rapamycin and aspirin
resveratrol
pterostilbene, a methylated analogue of resveratrol from blueberries
fisetin, quercetin, proanthocyanidins, and theaflavins
metformin
fish oil
leucine, isoleucine, and valine
pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)
LEF : Age related Cognitive decline
"Caloric restriction also boosts levels of several neurotrophic factors, including BDNF, and thus creates an ideal
environment for plastic adaptation of the brain in response to mental stimulation."
10. Changes in anthropometric measurements, body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile, and testosterone in patients
participating in a low-energy dietary intervention